以無碳電力憑證推動電力部門淨零轉型

臺灣具有天然的二氧化碳地質封存資源優勢。以海域而論，依歷年學者之研究，至少包括桃園-新竹海域盆地、台西盆地、雲林嘉義外濱3處海域。若依照IEA於2021年提出全球淨零排放路徑里程碑之建議，至2040年應淘汰所有未減排的燃煤與燃油電廠。因此，除了大規模增加再生能源使用外，未來臺灣若要建構去碳能源系統，勢必需導入碳捕捉與封存技術，以達到淨零轉型。

有鑑於再生能源憑證實際運作機制，當消費者之電力來源為火力電廠時，火力電廠導入碳捕捉與封存技術後，若可有效去除化石能源燃燒所造成溫室氣體排放量，則電廠所產生的電力可視為無碳電力（Carbon-free Power）。未來若歐盟碳邊境調整機制（Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, CBAM） 規範對象擴及至複雜商品或間接排放，建立無碳電力憑證機制可將導入碳捕捉與封存技術電廠價值鏈外溫室氣體減量轉換成價值鏈內溫室氣體減量，促進淨零正向循環經濟。



經濟部標準、檢驗與計量雙月刊, 7月號, 2022

提升我國民眾對碳捕獲與封存技術接受度之策略建議

二氧化碳捕獲與封存技術(Carbon Capture and Storage, 簡稱CCS)於減緩氣候變遷與提供能源安全扮演舉足輕重的角色，國際能源總署所發表的2010年能源技術展望報告指出，CCS是對抗氣候變遷、組成最小成本溫室氣體減量方案的必要手段之一。我國環保署提出之2025年國家溫室氣體減量調適(NAMAs)草案中，已將CCS納入溫室氣體減量措施，規劃協助二氧化碳減量2,754萬噸，若要達此目標我國需在2016年前展開碳捕獲與封存技術商轉示範計畫。而推動碳捕獲與封存技術進入商業規模應用的重要潛在阻擋因素為民眾接受度(Public Acceptance)；因此，各國在推動碳捕獲與封存計畫之同時，亦同步展開相關民眾宣導(Public Outreach)。

參酌國外碳捕獲與封存計畫與國內許多重大工程推行經驗，民眾接受度對大型計畫是否能順利進行具有決定性的影響。本文彙整國際間提出的民眾宣導的最佳實務作法，提出提升我國民眾對碳捕獲與封存技術接受度之策略建議，作為國內未來推動碳捕獲與封存商轉級示範計畫之參考。

台灣民眾對碳捕獲與封存技術認知度探討

碳捕獲與封存技術是對抗氣候變遷、組成最小成本溫室氣體減量方案的必要手段。台灣擁有豐富的二氧化碳封存地質潛能，推動碳捕獲與封存技術有助於達成國家減碳目標、穩定能源供應、發展新興能源展業，為打造產業低碳發展環境、邁向永續低碳社會過程中之必要選項。參酌國外碳捕獲與封存計畫與國內許多重大工程推行經驗，民眾接受度對大型計畫是否能順利進行具有決定性的影響。民眾對碳捕獲與封存技術的認知與支持度因技術本身風險特性有其敏感性，國際情勢轉變、能源科技發展突破、能源與溫室氣體減量政策調整，乃至社會事件與政治活動等都有可能影響民眾對碳捕獲與封存技術的認知與支持度。為瞭解台灣一般民眾對碳捕獲與封存接受度，本研究對台灣地區進行抽樣電話訪問之全面調查，並於台灣北部、中部舉辦民眾小型座談會，深入瞭解台灣民眾對全球暖化與氣候變遷的感受、對環保能源科技與各種資訊來源的信賴度、對碳捕獲與封存技術的關切課題，最後綜整提出提升台灣民眾對碳捕獲與封存接受度的建議。

台灣民眾對碳捕獲與封存技術認知度初探

碳捕獲與封存技術為對抗氣候變遷必要手段,台灣擁有豐富的二氧化碳封存 地質,具有推動與發展此技術的潛力。參酌國內外經驗可知,民眾接受度為 能否順利進行的關鍵,而技術風險之敏感性、國際情勢轉變、能源科技突 破、節能減碳政策,乃至社會事件與政治活動等因素,都會影響接受的程 度。本文藉由一系列深入調查,瞭解台灣民眾對相關議題的看法,最後針對 提高民眾碳捕獲與封存技術接受度提出建議,供各界參考。

Development Strategies of Carbon Capture and Sequestration Industry Cluster in Taiwan

With other countries working actively to develop CCS technology and related industries, how can Taiwan approach the challenge of having the government coordinate the capabilities of government, industry, universities and research institutes and domestic and international technology, formulating a carbon reduction strategy to stimulate market demand, and making effective use of the extensive potential that geological conditions give Taiwan for carbon sequestration, so as to successfully develop a domestic CCS industry cluster. This is a key issue that will determine whether Taiwan is able to leverage its efforts with respect to carbon reduction to stimulate the growth of new industries, develop the emerging global CCS market, and create a low-carbon economy in Taiwan. This report analyze the key issues relating to the optimization of carbon reduction costs and carbon capture and storage in Taiwan, and present strategic recommendations regarding the ways in which the government can promote the development of a CCS industry cluster in Taiwan.

A Preliminary Investigation of Taiwanese Citizens Awareness and Understanding of CCS

Carbon capture and storage technology (CCS) constitutes a vital means for combating climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions at the lowest possible cost. Taiwan has the proper geological conditions for carbon dioxide sequestration; promoting CCS technology will help Taiwan to achieve its national carbon reduction goals, contribute to the maintenance of a reliable supply of energy, and support the development of emerging industries. Adopting CCS technology is a necessary for Taiwan to build a low-carbon industrial development environment and create a sustainable, low-carbon society. According to other countries’ experience with CCS projects and the implementation of major construction projects within Taiwan, public acceptance is a decisive factor that determines whether or not large-scale projects can proceed smoothly.

The understanding and support for CCS technology among the general public is a sensitive issue because of the inherent risks that accompany the technology. Both popular understanding of CCS, and support for the technology, can be strongly affected by a wide range of developments in the wider international community, by breakthroughs in energy technology development, by the adjustment of energy policy and greenhouse gas reduction strategies, by unexpected events within society and by political activity, etc. In order to gain a better understanding of how acceptable the adoption of CCS technology is to ordinary people in Taiwan, for the present study a telephone survey was conducted in Taiwan. We also held Small-scale discussion meetings to gain a more in-depth understanding of Taiwanese citizens’ feelings about global warming and climate change and the key issues that they were most concerned about with respect to CCS technology. The results obtained were synthesized to develop recommendation for ensuring effective communication with the general public when implementing CCS in the future.

我國石化業能源需求與其二氧化碳排放量之預測

石化能源消費有排放二氧化碳的污染外部性，面對未來國際間對於二氧化碳排放可能採取的制約措施，節能減碳勢在必行。隨著全球氣候變遷問題對環境衝擊的增加，在2007 年美國與歐盟之聯合聲明中，給予能源安全更符合時代潮流的定義，除過去能源取得的多元化、價格合理與可靠性外，能源安全需兼顧取得之潔淨性與穩定性，以便支持經濟永續發展與環境保護 (左峻德、陳彥豪、劉婉柔 2009)。面對全球性能源需求增加與溫室氣體排放所引發之能源安全與全球暖化課題，有效掌握能源需求特性與型態，國內能源的實際需求趨勢與自然成長之二氧化碳排放，為協助政府就促進能源安全，整體規劃節能減碳與推動綠能產業的重要課題。

根據2009 年能源統計手冊，台灣能源消費結構2009 年各部門的能源消費比例如圖1 所示，工業部門能源消費量居各部門之首，占了52.48%；進而分析工業部門的產業，以石化業的53%占了所有耗能產業的最大比率，其次為電子電機14%與鋼鐵業10%。其中石化產業是總體化工產業的一環，台灣石化業產值於2004 年突破兆元新台幣關卡，到了2007 年達到1.66 兆新台幣，已成為台灣製造業產值排名之第二位（僅次於IC 及半導體產業）。若能有效且合理的預測石化產業的能源需求，將使政府在未來能源管理政策制定與溫室氣體減量策略上，提供較彈性的空間。

石化工業又稱為「三多工業」，亦即具有資本密集、技術密集與污染密集三項特性。石化工業屬資本密集型產業，廠家專精度高，無論是建廠工程所需資金或購買國外技術均需龐大資金。石化廠之製程技術多掌握於少數國外技術廠家，技術均屬外購取得；另從規劃、製程設計、工程設計、安裝設備、試車至正式開工量產之石化建廠技術，亦相當複雜且具高度專業性，國內則擁有部分建廠技術。石化業越往上游，設備投資金額越大，所需技術越高，風險也越大，而越往下游投資資金越小，所需技術相對較簡單，風險亦較小，且回收年限也較短。石化業需要大量用水，對環境造成影響，其排放的廢水，更可能污染環境，而所排放出的廢氣，也將造成大量的空氣污染。圖2 為我國石化業相關聯圖，由於石化業上中下游龐大，本研究以圖2 之A、B 與C 作為研究範圍，這也是一般所定義的石化工業。

本研究旨在建立一套供我國石化產業未來在規劃能源需求與溫室氣體排放法規或政策時，可做為實際政策應用參考依據之預測模型。並以所開發之模型進行在自然成長(Business As Usual)的狀態下，石化業的能源消費及二氧化碳排放之預測，可作為初期了解工業部門的能源相關二氧化碳排放的指標。此外，目前國內石化業仍有規劃重大投資案，包含國光石化投資計畫、台塑六輕五期計畫、林園三輕擴建計畫 (台灣中油股份有限公司 2010) 等，詳細計畫內容請參考表2 所示。這些投資案除能促進經濟發展與就業之外，然而在產能擴張的同時，卻也相對增加能源消耗量和溫室氣體的排放，本研究所開發之預測模型亦將評估考慮這些投資案的影響。

The Analysis of Historical Carbon Dioxide Emission in Taiwan

As the global consciousness of carbon dioxide emission reduction has attracted the government and the people of Taiwan for the past two decades, the Committee of the Carbon Reduction of the Executive Yuan and the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) of Taiwan has proposed the target of national carbon dioxide emission reduction. The concept of the carbon credit and the emission control is included in the draft of Greenhouse Gases Reduction Act. Also, at the end of this year, the carbon trading platform will be established by EPA. Therefore, the understanding of the historical allocation of the carbon dioxide emission between different sectors and industries becomes very important. This information will be provided to the government and the public to realize the effect of the carbon credit allocation.

In this paper, we compared and discussed several methods of producing the Carbon Dioxide Emission Matrix, using the data from year 2006. Then, we examined the relationships between the carbon dioxide emission and Taiwan’s macroeconomic variables. From the micro perspective, we examined the relationships between the carbon dioxide emission, the annual output values, and the GDP of individual sectors/industries; then we find out the top contributors of the carbon dioxide emission and the industries with high Carbon Dioxide Intensity. To conclude, we cannot sacrifice some important industries from the economic point of view, but we can use more “cleaner” energy products more instead of the “dirty” ones.